Most foundations are going to be shallow foundations as they are almost always the easiest and cheapest solution. Bearing capacity is usually the governing issue for this.
If you exceed, or come close to, your bearing capacity you would typically move to a deep foundation solution.
There are other cases which involve special conditions in the soil. Such as liquefaction, subsidence, or expansive soils. None of these need deep foundations, but they can be used as a strategy to move past the issue into deeper, more stable, soil conditions.
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