Reinforced concrete and solid grouted reinforced CMU are the most fire-resistant.
Heavy steel with fireproofing is considered equivalent.
Brick masonry.
Light gauge metal framing with fireproofing.
Heavy timber (6×6 and bigger).
Light gauge metal framing without fireproofing.
Wood-framed would be the least fire-resistant.
As a side note, you need to be careful with stone, clay, and other solid materials as they vary a great deal in their fire resistances.
Also, some might note that some of these materials are incombustible, but this list is dealing roughly with fire resistance.
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