How much weight can a single screw in a stud hold?

As everyone has mentioned there is a lot that can change this answer.

Assuming you have a good connection with no splitting and at least 1/3 of the screw embedded:

#6 screw: 50lbs shear, 150lbs pullout

#8 screw: 60lbs shear, 180lbs pullout

#10 screw: 80lbs shear, 210lbs pullout