If all of the water in the Caspian Sea were poured over the summit of Mount Everest, would it freeze, and how much higher would it make the mountain?

That amount of water would probably heat up the mountain and wash away a fair portion of it.

If the water was slowly put on the mountain cold enough to be snow or ice it would continue to roll/slide down the mountain to melt at lower elevations. The height would not increase by much. Maybe 50 to a couple hundred feet.

If the water was somehow retained and frozen in place… The Capsian Sea is much larger in volume than Mount Everest, so let’s imagine three scenarios.

  1. Very wide block of ice. The Caspian Sea is considered to contain 19,000 cubic miles of water, Everest is something like 5.5 miles high. As such a block of ice 5.5 miles high with the volume of the Caspian Sea would cover about 3,500 square miles.
  2. Roughly cubic block of ice. Cube root of 19,000 puts us at about 26.7 miles on each side. That about 140,000 feet high. Commercial jets fly at about 30,000 feet. Most ice couldn’t take this configuration and would crumble.
  3. Very tall block of ice. With this scenario, we could easily get to space which roughly starts at 82 miles up. This would still be 230 square miles across. Again this would likely quickly break up due to the stress imposed on the ice.

What are the new promising non-sand based building materials being researched today?

There is a huge amount of research going into laminates and composites of various materials (structural).

Foamed homogenous materials (structural).

Sapphire as a structural material.

Various grown crystalline structures that behave like metals.

Glass as a structural material.

Memory metals that behave differently under various conditions like heat or electricity.

Strand bundled sections that change strength profiles as loading increases.

Solid materials that are lighter than air (insulation).

Materials that become more fire resistant as they are exposed to fire.

Materials that are opaque or reflective to certain frequencies of light (thermal barriers).

Phase changing materials (insulation).

These are just items off the top of my head. This can be a very long list.

Which new material that is corrosion resistant can replace iron and be used in construction or development of other structures?

You have a number of choices. The simplest would be iron with a corrosion resistant coating such as paint. and by corrosion resistant I’m assuming you mean oxidation resistant.

Otherwise you have stainless steel or aluminum. Depending on your requirements you also have plastics and resins, but typically these get expensive and may not have the aesthetics for which you would be looking.

Why can only 2/3rd’s of a plastic be recycled?

As I understand things you have generally two categories of plastics. Thermosets and thermoplastics. Thermoplastics lend themselves to be recycled, thermosets may or may not lend themselves to recycling. And of course, as each has its sets of material properties many things must be constructed of non-recyclable plastics in order to work properly.

How will AR affect architecture?

Augmented Reality.

I feel that AR has a long way to go before the architecture field finds real use for the technology. First, we are basically talking about overlaying information on our field of view. Presumably in realtime.

Unless it could be used as a construction tool to help construction workers build buildings it becomes more of a presentation tool, and I’ve yet to see anything close to being accurate enough for use during construction.