Asbestos that is broken off the source mass acts similar to plaster dust. Both in dry and wet form.

As it appears you’ve never done this before, I urge you hire someone or bring someone along who has done this before as you really don’t want to find out what happens when you do it incorrectly.

That said there are two ways to do it. The engineer way and the contractor way.

The engineer way involves calculations based upon the present situation. Many engineers involved with construction can do them so can many architects, as well as some draftsmen and contractors. You’ll be told the final sizes of the materials involved and what the final installation will look like. You would build a temporary support similar to the final version until you cut out and place the final supports.

The contractor way involves rule of thumb methods adjusted with past experience.

It goes something like this for wood walls:

• Check that the joists above the wall don’t go further than 16′ to either side of the wall.
• For every 1′ of horizontal opening you need 1″ thickness on a 4x header for a one story wall, or for every 8″ of horizontal opening you need 1″ thickness on a 4x header for a two story wall. Each level of floor or roof joists counts as a floor in this case. So, a 4′ opening requires a 4×4 on a one floor wall, but a 4×6 on a two floor wall.

Keep in mind that this method doesn’t work well as the floor length grows, the opening gets a lot bigger, or you have additional floor levels.

Also, as they don’t have odd sizes for most lumber (ei 4×5) go to the next larger size.

This is typically decided by treaty and negotiation. As such, things greatly depends on who has possession of what and at what time.

Many nations choose to take possession of the property first so they can dictate the terms of construction, but things do not always work out that way. If compelled for some reason, such as time constraints, the nation may choose to inhabit an existing structure at the site which was likely constructed upon local building codes.

On the other hand, once the nation takes possession of the property it becomes sovereign territory and can be constructed to any standard level high or low and no one can oppose that unless it was part of the negotiations.

In practice, some nations do allow emergency personnel from the local authorities should their own personnel become overwhelmed, but it tends to be limited in nature and with escorts.

Firstly, that L/400 is way too high and should be L/240, and your 40 PSF is only your live load. You need your dead load too or things are going to get difficult.

A 6″ floor in this scenario is using 4×6 beams at 12″ on center or 6×6 beams at 16″ on center.

Yes, there are commercial solutions such as metal decking with a concrete topper. That would get you down to 3″-4″ but is probably outside the realm you want to look at.

If you are willing to rip out your floor to save several inches I suggest looking into going deeper with your basement floor. You’ll probably need an engineer to tell your contractor how to do it, but I think you’ll get a much better result for your money and effort.

No, in general.

The easiest way to think of living space is a space that is typically air-conditioned.

Gravity.

Remember that not only does the star exert gravitational force on the debris field but so do the individual elements on each other. I read somewhere once that two baseballs places at arms length apart, call it 3′-4′, would take 3 days to come together from each other’s gravitational force.

As such, the debris field would start to form moats of sand and dust. Those would pull into mushy balls of sand. Eventually, they become big enough that the internal pressure starts welding material together. Bigger and bigger until you get a planet. Composition of materials determines the type of planet. Amount of material determines size.

From a design stand point they should be nearly equal with the single story coming in at slightly less. The reality tends to be that your choices in finishes will have a larger impact on the price than the difference between single or two story.

Kind of, none of the above.

By our best models the creation of the universe is exactly that, the creation of the universe. Both space and time, as we experience them start there.

So, let’s look at this from another view point. Can you view all of space from an outside point of view? Well, not in any way we can experience. Also, we need the passage of time to witness things. even a photo is a point in time, so without time we aren’t setup to witness things.

So, to experience before the creation of the universe requires two things that don’t exist. Ergo, from our point of view there is no “before” the creation of the universe.

Type V construction is exemplified by wood-framed light commercial or residential construction. It can be superior to this and even be constructed of concrete and steel, but it only needs to meet the fire safety of wood-framed construction.

Type III construction will have a heavy fire-resistant outer barrier with much lighter interior construction. You see this in a lot of urban non-high-rise construction. Concrete or masonry exterior walls are common with wood or light gauge metal framed interiors. Interior corridors, stairways, and shafts get additional protection as well.

NO!

Pressure-treated wood products are infused with poisons for incests. Normally it is used in locations that are less likely to be encounter by people.

Touching it isn’t the problem, but ingesting any of the dust or liquids that have come into contact with pressure-treated lumber will eventually make you sick if you continue to encounter it.